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  1. When helium is cooled to a critical temperature of 2.17 K (called its lambda point), a remarkable discontinuity in heat capacity occurs, the liquid density drops, and a fraction of the liquid becomes a zero viscosity "superfluid". Superfluidity arises from the fraction of helium atoms which has condensed to the lowest possible energy.

    hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/lhel.html
    When the isotope of helium known as helium-3 is cooled to 3.2 degrees above absolute zero it changes from gas to liquid – what physicists call a "change of state." Cool it further – to about a thousandth of a degree above absolute zero – and it becomes a "superfluid" that can flow without resistance from its surroundings.
    phys.org/news/2017-07-secrets-superfluid-helium-…
    At lower and lower temperatures, greater and greater fractions of liquid helium become superfluid. Superfluid helium can do some seemingly impossible things, like climb up the walls of containers or leak through pores that are too small for normal liquid helium to pass through.
    www.popsci.com/article/science/weird-ways-superfl…
    Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium (helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures. It is also a property of various other exotic states of matter theorized to exist in astrophysics, high-energy physics, and theories of quantum gravity.
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity
  2. People also ask
    What is superfluidity in helium?
    Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium ( helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures. It is also a property of various other exotic states of matter theorized to exist in astrophysics, high-energy physics, and theories of quantum gravity.
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity
    Does helium 4 become a superfluid?
    Figure 1 | Experimental evidence for superfluidity. In 1938, Allen and Misener 1 and Kapitza 2 showed that liquid helium-4 becomes a superfluid — a fluid with zero viscosity — at very low temperatures.
    www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00417-7
    What is superfluid helium 3?
    The discovery of superfluid helium-3 therefore marked the birth of unconventional superconductivity — and, more precisely, of superfluids that break certain fundamental symmetries of the normal (non-superfluid) state.
    www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00417-7
    Are helium isotopes superfluid?
    Both helium isotopes remain liquid at low pressures down to absolute zero, and both display the property of superfluidity, though the onset occurs at very different temperatures in the two cases.
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    Superfluid helium-4 - Wikipedia

    Superfluid helium-4 (helium II or He-II) is the superfluid form of helium-4, an isotope of the element helium. A superfluid is a state of matter in which matter behaves like a fluid with zero viscosity. The substance, which resembles other liquids such as helium I (conventional, non-superfluid liquid helium), … See more

    Known as a major facet in the study of quantum hydrodynamics and macroscopic quantum phenomena, the superfluidity effect was discovered by Pyotr Kapitsa and John F. Allen, and Don Misener in 1937. Onnes possibly … See more

    Recently in the field of chemistry, superfluid helium-4 has been successfully used in spectroscopic techniques as a quantum solvent. Referred to as superfluid helium droplet … See more

    Thermodynamics
    Figure 1 is the phase diagram of He. It is a pressure-temperature (p-T) diagram indicating the solid and liquid regions separated by the melting curve (between the liquid and solid state) and the liquid and gas region, … See more

    • Antony M. Guénault: Basic superfluids. Taylor & Francis, London 2003, ISBN 0-7484-0891-6
    • D.R. … See more

    Macroscopic theory image

    Superfluids, such as helium-4 below the lambda point, exhibit many unusual properties. A superfluid acts as if it were a mixture of a normal … See more

    Landau two-fluid approach
    L. D. Landau's phenomenological and semi-microscopic theory of superfluidity of helium-4 earned him … See more

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  6. Eighty years of superfluidity - Nature

    Web ResultJan 15, 2018 · In 1938, Allen and Misener 1 and Kapitza 2 showed that liquid helium-4 becomes a superfluid — a fluid with zero …

    • Author: William P. Halperin
    • Publish Year: 2018
  7. Superfluid Helium - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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  10. Superfluid helium behaves like black holes - Science …

    Web ResultMar 16, 2017 · News Physics. Superfluid helium behaves like black holes. A frictionless form of helium appears to follow the same counterintuitive ‘area law’ as black holes. ENTANGLEMENT …

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